Edward "The Black Prince" of Woodstock, Prince of Wales ¹

  General Notes:

Edward of Woodstock, known to history as the Black Prince (15 June 1330 \endash 8 June 1376),[1][a] was the eldest son of King Edward III of England, and thus the heir to the English throne. He died before his father and so never became king. His son, Richard II, would succeed to the throne instead. Edward nevertheless still earned distinction as one of the most successful English commanders during the Hundred Years' War, being regarded by his contemporaries as a model of chivalry and one of the greatest knights of his age.[2]

Edward was created Duke of Cornwall in 1337. He was guardian of the kingdom in his father's absence in 1338, 1340, and 1342. He was created Prince of Wales in 1343 and knighted by his father at La Hogne in 1346.

In 1346 Prince Edward commanded the vanguard at the Battle of Crécy, his father intentionally leaving him to win the battle. He took part in Edward III's 1349 Calais expedition. In 1355 he was appointed the king's lieutenant in Gascony, and ordered to lead an army into Aquitaine on a chevauchée, during which he pillaged Avignonet and Castelnaudary, sacked Carcassonne, and plundered Narbonne. The next year (1356) on another chevauchée he ravaged Auvergne, Limousin, and Berry but failed to take Bourges. He offered terms of peace to King John II of France, who had outflanked him near Poitiers, but refused to surrender himself as the price of their acceptance. This led to the Battle of Poitiers where his army routed the French and took King John prisoner.

The year after Poitiers, the Black Prince returned to England. In 1360 he negotiated the treaty of Bretigny. He was created Prince of Aquitaine and Gascony in 1362; his suzerainty disowned by the lord of Albret and other Gascon nobles. He was directed by his father to forbid the marauding raids of the English and Gascon free companies in 1364. He entered into an agreement with don Pedro of Castile and Charles II of Navarre, by which Pedro covenanted to mortgage Castro de Urdiales and the province of Biscay to him as security for a loan; in 1366 a passage was thus secured through Navarre. In 1367 he received a letter of defiance from Henry of Trastámara, Don Pedro's half-brother and rival. The same year, after an obstinate conflict, he defeated Henry at the Battle of Nájera. However, after a wait of several months, during which he failed to obtain either the province of Biscay or liquidation of the debt from Don Pedro, he returned to Aquitaine. Prince Edward prevailed on the estates of Aquitaine to allow him a hearth-tax of ten sous for five years, 1368, thereby alienating the lord of Albret and other nobles; drawn into open war with Charles V of France, 1369; took Limoges, where he gave orders for an indiscriminate massacre (1370) in revenge for the voluntary surrender of that town to the French by its bishop, who had been his private friend.

The Black Prince returned to England in 1371 and the next year resigned the principality of Aquitaine and Gascony. He led the commons in their attack upon the Lancastrian administration in 1376. He died in 1376 of dysentery and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral,[b] where his surcoat, helmet, shield, and gauntlets are still preserved.

Edward married Joan "The Fair" Plantagenet Fourth Countess of Kent and fifth Baroness Wake of Liddell, daughter of Edmund Plantagenet Comte Kent Lord Woodstock and Marguerite Baronne Liddel Wake. (Joan "The Fair" Plantagenet Fourth Countess of Kent and fifth Baroness Wake of Liddell was born on 29 Sep 1328 in Woodstock Palace, Oxfordshire, England and died on 7 Aug 1385 in Wallingford Castle, Wallingford, Berkshire, England.)